Control
Hertz (Control Rate)
Hertz is the SI unit of frequency, one cycle per second, used in robotics to specify the rates of nested control and perception loops. Typical stacks run joint-level servo loops at 1 kHz or faster, whole-body or Cartesian controllers at 100 Hz to 1 kHz, cameras at 30 to 60 Hz, and learned policy inference anywhere from a few hertz to around 50 Hz.
Why it matters for physical AI
Rate mismatches between slow policy inference and fast actuator loops are bridged by action chunking and interpolation; insufficient control frequency causes instability and poor contact behavior in deployed systems.
Build physical AI
Put these concepts to work on real hardware
Axol is a dual-arm robot built for physical AI — teleoperate it, collect demonstrations, and deploy learned policies out of the box.