Applications

Packing

Packing is the robotic task of arranging objects into boxes, totes, or containers so they fit densely and arrive undamaged. It combines grasp planning, pose estimation, and placement optimization, and its underlying combinatorial problem, bin packing, is NP-hard, so practical systems rely on heuristics or learned policies. High SKU variety, deformable packaging, and tight container tolerances make e-commerce packing considerably harder than structured, repetitive palletizing.

Why it matters for physical AI

Order fulfillment is one of the largest commercial drivers of manipulation research, and packing unseen items densely remains a stress test of how well learned policies reason about geometry, contact, and placement order.